BRITISH ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA - Civil Services

British administration in India was mainly done by the help of the Four Pillars

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Civil Services:

East Indian Company introduced this system to differentiate their Civilian employees from their Military counterpart.
The work of a Civil Servant was making a Law into Action and Revenue Collection.
Initially they were assigned with commercial services later into Public Services.
Initially they were nominated and controlled by Court of Directors as a result most of them were corrupted.
The first reform in the Civil Services was introduced by Lord Cornwallis.
He stopped Private trade of company’s employees and increase their salary in 1786.

In 1798 Lord Wellesley introduced the idea of training for Civil Servants and established a training college in Fort William in 1800. In this training Centre they were taught by Literature, Science and Languages.
Later Court of Directors replaced the training Centre by establishing a college in 1806 at Heilyberry in England.

Charter Act 1833 introduced competition in the Civil Services. But the persons who were nominated by Court of Directors only could participate in this competition. This system also called as Nomination cum competition system.

Charter Act 1853 introduced Open Competition for the first time in India. For this provision Britsh appointed a committee under Macaulay in 1854 and the recommendations were confirmed by Charter Act 1858. This act set Maximum age limit as 23 but later it was fixed as 22 in 1860, 21 in 1866 and 19 in 1876.
In 1858 the training college at Heilyberry abolished and its duties were transferred to Civil Service Commission.

Indian Civil Services Act passed in 1861.This act reserved some High Executive and Judicial posts for covenanted services later they were designated Indian Civil Services (ICS).
The first Indian who cleared ICS examination was Satyendranath Tagore the elder brother of Rabindranath Tagore in 1863.
Many educated Indians and many National Movements were often recommended to conduct exams in India and to increase the age limit.
In 1869 Surandra Nath Banerjee, Ramesh Chandra Dutt and Bihari Lal Gupta cleared ICS Examination.
In 1892 the age limit of ICS was fixed as minimum 21 to maximum 23.

In 1912 Britain Parliament appointed a Royal Commission on Public Services under Lord Islington with two Indians Gobala Krishna Gokhule and Abdur Rahim.
The commission submitted its report in 1917 and recommended partly fulfilled Indianisation that is 25% reservation for Indian in Civil Services.

The Montague Chelmsford reform of 1918 recommended 33% of reservation for Indians in Civil Services.

In 1923 British Parliament appointed Royal Commission under Lord Lee of Fareham.
This commission suggested that Indian Civil Services, Indian Police Services and Indian Forest Services should controlled by Secretary of State for India.
It recommended 40% reservation for Indians in higher civil services post.
It also recommended establishment of Public Service Commission.
Based on the recommendation the Public Service Commission in India was established in 1926.

This act included provisions for three Public Service commissions.

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