The Khol tribes were living in Chota Nagpur & Singbhum Region (Jharkhand & Orissa).
Leaders of this revolt were by Bindrai and Singhrai.
Forcible eviction of tribes from their land by moneylenders led to the uprising.
Initially the rebels were involved in plunder, arson, attacks on properties against Thikadars (tax collectors).
Later the revolt became ferocious and the rebels started kill moneylenders and merchants.
In 1832 the rebels took complete possession of Chotanagpur region
Message of the leaders spread through beating of Drums.
British suppressed the rebellion with great violence.
On 19 March, 1832 the surrender of Bindrai ended the revolt.
Munda (1889-1900) (Ranchi)
It’s also known as Ulugulan Rebellion (Great Tumult Movement)
Their traditional farming method known as Khuntkatti system (Joint holding) that is Cooperative farming.
British destroyed this system by introducing commercial farming & privatization of lands. As a result moneylenders and merchants own majority of the lands.
They forcibly recruited Mundas as indenture labours known as Bethbegavi (Forced labour) in their very own field.
Under the leadership of Birsha Munda, the Mundas emerged against this oppressive land tenure system.
To unite all the Mundas, Birsa Munda declared himself as the Messenger of God and he said the God promised him to give Birsaite Raj that is Birsa kingdom.
In1889 on Christmas day the Mundas entered into violence and used arrows against missionaries & Christian converted Mundas.
Soon police stations and government officials were attacked.
The result came to an end in 1900 February when Birsha Munda got arrested and he died on 09 June 1900 in the jail.
Finally the British Government passed Chotanagpur Tenancy Act 1908 in which the entry of non-tribes into tribal land was prohibited.
