Permanent settlements System or Zamindari System – Lord Cornwallis
Ryotwari System – Sir Thomas Munroe
Mahalwari System – Lord William Bentinck
Permanent Settlement or Zamindari System (1793):
In 1765 Robert Clive introduced Annual Settlement system in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa region.
In 1774 Lord Warren Hasting changed it as quinquennial (five yearly) but again he changed to 1(one) year.
In 1793 Lord Cornwallis make it as decennial system, with the help of John shore, James grant in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Varanasi of UP and Northern Karnataka.
19% of total area of British came under this permanent settlement system
This system also called as Zamindari, Zagidari and Biswedari system.
Features
Zamindars were recognized as owners of the land and they acted as an agent between British and cultivators.
Amount of Revenue for Zamindar was fixed & would not rise at any circumstances.
10 / 11 of share goes to government and remaining share allotted for Zamindars.
Zamindars grant patta and Ryots became tenants.
Zamindars relieved from their judicial duty and revenue collection became their only duty.
Merits
Waste lands & forest became cultivable lands.
Zamindar became owners, they free from responsibilities and they are faith full to British.
This system provides Fixed & stable income to British.
Demerits
No land survey had taken so less fertile lands also had to pay same amount.
No direct contact between British and cultivators.
Peasants were treated as slaves by Zamindars.
Many conflicts rose between Zamindars & Peasants in many regions.
The Revenue fixed by British was high so many Zamindars became defaulters and later their lands confiscated by British.
Rich Zamindars left to town & their agents extracted illegal taxes.
Long run financial lose occur to British due to fixed amount.
